Civil and Building Engineering.

1 Spread Footings and Mats: A diagram of a typical spread footing is shown in Figure 1.1. The footing is established some distance below the ground surface for several possible reasons...(more)

2 Deep Foundations: Deep foundations are employed principally when weak or otherwise unsuitable soil exists near the ground surface and vertical loads must be carried to strong soils at depth...(more)

3 Hybrid Foundations: A complex problem occurs if the mat shown in Figure 1.4a rests on the ground surface rather than with space below the mat...(more)